Grant Number:	1R01CA234539-01 Interpret this number
Primary Investigator:	Pierce, John
Organization:	University Of California, San Diego
Project Title:	The Role of Ends Use in Changing Rates of Escalation and Quitting of Cigarette Smoking in Those Under Age 35 Years in Us Population
Fiscal Year:	2018

Abstract Recently, there has been extensive use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) by young people in the United States (US). These products have the potential to significantly reduce the proportion of young adults who are addicted to cigarette smoking, either by influencing the proportion who escalate to daily cigarette smoking or by increasing the proportion who quit under the age of 35 years. Previous research has demonstrated that there are two groups of escalators to daily cigarette smoking: 1) early escalators who are daily smokers before age 20 years, and 2) later escalators (become daily smokers at 21+ years). This proposal will explore the long-term role of ENDS in changing the escalation and quitting of cigarette smoking using the first four waves of the national Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) longitudinal study. The study used a four stage stratified area probability design and has enrolled ~26,000 people under the age of 35 years, half of whom were female. The public use data for the first two waves are available and include longitudinal weighting variables. Wave 3 is expected to be publicly available in Spring 2018, and Wave 4 one is expected year later. The weighted response for Wave 2 was 87% for 12-17 year olds, and 83% for adults. With these PATH data, we will explore two scientific premises: 1) that widespread promotion of ENDS has resulted in a new generation of nicotine users who rely on ENDS usage and who did not escalate to daily cigarette smokers when becoming adults; and 2) that the diffusion of ENDS among young tobacco users will result in lower nicotine dependence that, in turn, will be associated with higher rates of successful discontinuance of cigarette smoking before age 35 years. A significant methodological weakness in such complex longitudinal analyses is related to the consideration of a large number of time-varying confounding variables that are prognostic for changes in tobacco use behaviors and are also associated with the outcome of interest. Some epidemiological methods allow the achievement of covariate balance between different exposure groups. With these methods, ongoing differences in outcomes of interest are directly attributable to ENDS usage, for example. In this context, we leverage Propensity Score Matching (PSM), and Marginal Structural Models (MSMs) to adjust for time-varying confounding. We will also explore Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (TMLE) techniques to optimize the performance of PSM. We will conduct separate analyses for early escalators, late escalators, and quitters before age 35 years. This proposal will answer an urgent public health question in regards to the long-term potential benefits associated with ENDS usage, while also providing an example to the tobacco research field of state-of-art epidemiological methods for complex longitudinal analyses.




Patterns of Daily Cigarette and E-cigarette Use among United States Youth and Young Adults: Insights from the Truth Longitudinal Cohort between 2018 and 2019.
Authors: Hair E.C. , Do E.K. , Liu S.M. , Tulsiani S. , Vallone D.M. , Pierce J.P. .
Source: Preventive Medicine Reports, 2023 Dec; 36, p. 102416.
EPub date: 2023-09-14 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 37753384
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Effectiveness of e-cigarettes as aids for smoking cessation: evidence from the PATH Study cohort, 2017-2019.
Authors: Chen R. , Pierce J.P. , Leas E.C. , Benmarhnia T. , Strong D.R. , White M.M. , Stone M. , Trinidad D.R. , McMenamin S.B. , Messer K. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2023 Aug; 32(e2), p. e145-e152.
EPub date: 2022-02-07 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 35131948
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Effect of Graphic Warning Labels on Cigarette Pack-Hiding Behavior Among Smokers: The CASA Randomized Clinical Trial.
Authors: Pierce J.P. , Kealey S. , Leas E.C. , Pulvers K. , Stone M.D. , Oratowski J. , Brighton E. , Villaseñor A. , Strong D.R. .
Source: Jama Network Open, 2022-06-01 00:00:00.0; 5(6), p. e2214242.
EPub date: 2022-06-01 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 35653155
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Daily E-cigarette Use and the Surge in JUUL Sales: 2017-2019.
Authors: Pierce J.P. , Zhang J. , Crotty Alexander L.E. , Leas E.C. , Kealey S. , White M.M. , Strong D.R. , Trinidad D.R. , McMenamin S.B. , Chen R. , et al. .
Source: Pediatrics, 2022-05-30 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2022-05-30 00:00:00.0.
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Vaping Disparities at the Intersection of Gender Identity and Race/Ethnicity in a Population-Based Sample of Adolescents.
Authors: Felner J.K. , Andrzejewski J. , Strong D. , Kieu T. , Ravindran M. , Corliss H.L. .
Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2022-02-14 00:00:00.0; 24(3), p. 349-357.
PMID: 34297103
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Availability and Promotion of Cannabidiol (CBD) Products in Online Vape Shops.
Authors: Leas E.C. , Moy N. , McMenamin S.B. , Shi Y. , Benmarhnia T. , Stone M.D. , Trinidad D.R. , White M. .
Source: International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 2021-06-22 00:00:00.0; 18(13), .
EPub date: 2021-06-22 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 34206501
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Racial/Ethnic Disparities Across Indicators of Cigarette Smoking in the Era of Increased Tobacco Control, 1992-2019.
Authors: Sakuma K.K. , Pierce J.P. , Fagan P. , Nguyen-Grozavu F.T. , Leas E.C. , Messer K. , White M.M. , Tieu A.S. , Trinidad D.R. .
Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2021-05-24 00:00:00.0; 23(6), p. 909-919.
PMID: 33196799
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E-cigarettes and Cessation: The Introduction of Substantial Bias in Analyses of PATH Study.
Authors: Pierce J.P. , Leas E.C. , Benmarhnia T. , McMenamin S.B. , Strong D.R. , Chen R. , Messer K. .
Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2021-05-04 00:00:00.0; 23(5), p. 876-877.
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Philip Morris International used the e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (EVALI) outbreak to market IQOS heated tobacco.
Authors: Ayers J.W. , Leas E.C. , Dredze M. , Caputi T.L. , Zhu S.H. , Cohen J.E. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2021-04-16 00:00:00.0; , .
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Authors: Leas E.C. , Moy N.H. , Nobles A.L. , Ayers J. , Zhu S.H. , Purushothaman V. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2021-02-19 00:00:00.0; , .
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Use of E-cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products and Progression to Daily Cigarette Smoking.
Authors: Pierce J.P. , Chen R. , Leas E.C. , White M.M. , Kealey S. , Stone M.D. , Benmarhnia T. , Trinidad D.R. , Strong D.R. , Messer K. .
Source: Pediatrics, 2021 Feb; 147(2), .
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Use of Electronic Cigarettes to Aid Long-Term Smoking Cessation in the United States: Prospective Evidence From the PATH Cohort Study.
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Source: American Journal Of Epidemiology, 2020-12-01 00:00:00.0; 189(12), p. 1529-1537.
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Authors: Leas E.C. , Nobles A.L. , Caputi T.L. , Dredze M. , Zhu S.H. , Cohen J.E. , Ayers J.W. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2020-10-13 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2020-10-13 00:00:00.0.
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Real-world exposure to graphic warning labels on cigarette packages in US smokers: The CASA randomized trial protocol.
Authors: Pierce J.P. , Strong D.R. , Stone M.D. , Villaseñor A. , Dimofte C.V. , Leas E.C. , Oratowski J. , Brighton E. , Hurst S. , Pulvers K. , et al. .
Source: Contemporary Clinical Trials, 2020-09-20 00:00:00.0; 98, p. 106152.
EPub date: 2020-09-20 00:00:00.0.
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Evaluating the impact of the California 1995 smoke-free workplace law on population smoking prevalence using a synthetic control method.
Authors: Sheridan P. , Trinidad D. , McMenamin S. , Pierce J.P. , Benmarhnia T. .
Source: Preventive Medicine Reports, 2020 Sep; 19, p. 101164.
EPub date: 2020-07-10 00:00:00.0.
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Widening disparities in cigarette smoking by race/ethnicity across education level in the United States.
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Source: Preventive Medicine, 2020-07-18 00:00:00.0; , p. 106220.
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Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2020-04-21 00:00:00.0; 22(5), p. 861-862.
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Authors: Benmarhnia T. , Pierce J.P. , Leas E. , White M.M. , Strong D.R. , Noble M.L. , Trinidad D.R. .
Source: American Journal Of Epidemiology, 2018-11-01 00:00:00.0; 187(11), p. 2397-2404.
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