Grant Number:	2R01CA141661-06 Interpret this number
Primary Investigator:	Ling, Pamela
Organization:	University Of California, San Francisco
Project Title:	Understanding Smokeless Tobacco and Electronic Cigarette Marketing
Fiscal Year:	2015

¿ DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): New smokeless tobacco products and e-cigarettes are rapidly entering the US market, and millions of dollars are being spent on their marketing. Marketing drives consumer perceptions of products, including risks or benefits, which translates into demand and determines who adopts the product and for what purposes. If the marketing inspires new interest in smoking cessation or results in substitution of safer products for cigarettes, it could result in population health benefit. If the marketing promotes dual use of new products along with cigarettes instead of cessation, or recruits young people to initiate tobacco use, it would result in harm. Understanding the marketing of smokeless tobacco products and e-cigarettes is fundamental to developing an appropriate public health response. It is critical to understand what messages promoting smokeless tobacco and e-cigarettes are reaching the public, which messages are most relevant, and how they affect perceptions of tobacco products. The goal of this project is to gain a better understanding of smokeless tobacco and e- cigarette marketing strategies and how these strategies impact both emerging and existing tobacco product use. This project uses multiple complementary methods (analysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents, monitoring current smokeless tobacco and e-cigarette marketing strategies, analyzing sales data, and conducting mixed methods consumer research) to accomplish three specific aims: (1) Use previously secret tobacco industry internal research and planning documents triangulated with contemporary trade press and market research to understand the strategic plans and marketing strategies manifest in new smokeless tobacco and electronic cigarette marketing activities (e.g., changes in product characteristics such as flavoring or appearance, new packaging, trends in price, sales, and different promotional channels). (2) Identify trends and new developments in smokeless tobacco and e-cigarette marketing messages by monitoring current advertising and performing content analyses, including analyses of changing target audiences, differences by promotional channel or company ownership, and changes in anticipation of or in response to regulation. (3) Compare the effects of exposure to smokeless tobacco and e-cigarette marketing messages and educational anti-tobacco messages on risk perceptions, attitudes, and intention to use emerging and existing tobacco products and e-cigarettes among dual and poly-users of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, and e-cigarettes.




Classification of patterns of tobacco and cannabis co-use based on temporal proximity: A qualitative study among young adults.
Authors: Nguyen N. , Islam S. , Llanes K.D. , Koester K.A. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Addictive Behaviors, 2024 May; 152, p. 107971.
EPub date: 2024-01-23 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 38281461
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Pharmaceuticalisation as the tobacco industry's endgame.
Authors: Hendlin Y.H. , Han E.L. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Bmj Global Health, 2024-02-05 00:00:00.0; 9(2), .
EPub date: 2024-02-05 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 38316465
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Young Adults' Perceptions of and Intentions to Use Nicotine and Cannabis Vaporizers in Response to e-Cigarette or Vaping-Associated Lung Injury Instagram Posts: Experimental Study.
Authors: Llanes K.D. , Ling P.M. , Guillory J. , Vogel E.A. .
Source: Journal Of Medical Internet Research, 2023-09-14 00:00:00.0; 25, p. e46153.
EPub date: 2023-09-14 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 37552552
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Young Adult Responses to Peer Crowd-Based Targeting in E-cigarette Advertisements: An Experimental Study.
Authors: Kim M. , Neilands T.B. , Gregorich S.E. , Jordan J.W. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2023-04-27 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2023-04-27 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 37101413
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"I'm both smoking and vaping": a longitudinal qualitative study of US young adults who tried to quit smoking cigarettes by using electronic cigarettes.
Authors: Nguyen N. , Koester K.A. , Kim M. , Watkins S.L. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2023-04-18 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2023-04-18 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 37072166
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Tobacco-Derived Nicotine Pouch Brands and Marketing Messages on Internet and Traditional Media: Content Analysis.
Authors: Ling P.M. , Hrywna M. , Talbot E.M. , Lewis M.J. .
Source: Jmir Formative Research, 2023-02-15 00:00:00.0; 7, p. e39146.
EPub date: 2023-02-15 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 36790840
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Influence of Disclosed And Undisclosed Funding Sources In Tobacco Harm Reduction Discourse: A Social Network Analysis.
Authors: Vassey J. , Hendlin Y.H. , Vora M. , Ling P. .
Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2022-10-29 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2022-10-29 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 36308511
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Tobacco product use and the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19: current understanding and recommendations for future research.
Authors: Benowitz N.L. , Goniewicz M.L. , Halpern-Felsher B. , Krishnan-Sarin S. , Ling P.M. , O'Connor R.J. , Pentz M.A. , Robertson R.M. , Bhatnagar A. .
Source: The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine, 2022-08-16 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2022-08-16 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 35985357
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A Mixed-Methods Study on Use of Different Tobacco Products among Younger and Older Adults with Lower and Higher Levels of Nicotine Exposure in California in 2019-2020.
Authors: Harvanko A. , Koester K.A. , Helen G.S. , Olson S. , Kim H.C. , Ling P.M. .
Source: International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 2022-05-03 00:00:00.0; 19(9), .
EPub date: 2022-05-03 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 35564958
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Balancing Risks and Benefits of E-Cigarettes in the Real World.
Authors: Cohen J.E. , Krishnan-Sarin S. , Eissenberg T. , Gould T.J. , Berman M.L. , Bhatnagar A. , Barnett T.E. , Soule E. , Popova L. , Tan A.S.L. , et al. .
Source: American Journal Of Public Health, 2022 02; 112(2), p. e1-e2.
PMID: 35080942
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Evolution of media frames about e-cigarettes from 2004 to 2019: a content analysis of newspapers in China.
Authors: Lyu J.C. , Wang D. , Mao Z. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Health Education Research, 2022-01-22 00:00:00.0; 36(4), p. 456-466.
PMID: 33997888
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'No-Barriers' tobacco product? Selling smokeless tobacco to women, people of colour and the LGBTQ+ community in the USA.
Authors: Hendlin Y.H. , Small S. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2021-10-01 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2021-10-01 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 34599083
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A mixed-methods study to inform the clarity and accuracy of cannabis-use and cannabis-tobacco co-use survey measures.
Authors: Watkins S.L. , Karliner-Li P. , Lee Y.O. , Koester K.A. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Drug And Alcohol Dependence, 2021-07-01 00:00:00.0; 224, p. 108697.
EPub date: 2021-04-21 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 33930639
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Unboxed: US Young Adult Tobacco Users' Responses to a New Heated Tobacco Product.
Authors: Kim M. , Watkins S.L. , Koester K.A. , Mock J. , Kim H.C. , Olson S. , Harvanko A.M. , Ling P.M. .
Source: International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 2020-11-03 00:00:00.0; 17(21), .
EPub date: 2020-11-03 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 33153143
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Sponsorship Disclosures and Perceptions of E-cigarette Instagram Posts.
Authors: Vogel E.A. , Guillory J. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Tobacco Regulatory Science, 2020 Sep; 6(5), p. 355-368.
PMID: 33778107
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Same-day use of cigarettes, alcohol, and cannabis among sexual minority and heterosexual young adult smokers.
Authors: Nguyen N. , McQuoid J. , Neilands T.B. , Dermody S.S. , Holmes L.M. , Ling P.M. , Thrul J. .
Source: Psychology Of Addictive Behaviors : Journal Of The Society Of Psychologists In Addictive Behaviors, 2020-08-17 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2020-08-17 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 32804517
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Peer crowd-based targeting in E-cigarette advertisements: a qualitative study to inform counter-marketing.
Authors: Kim M. , Olson S. , Jordan J.W. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Bmc Public Health, 2020-01-23 00:00:00.0; 20(1), p. 32.
EPub date: 2020-01-23 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 31969114
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Cognitive performance effects of nicotine and industry affiliation: a systematic review.
Authors: Pasetes S.V. , Ling P.M. , Apollonio D.E. .
Source: Substance Abuse : Research And Treatment, 2020; 14, p. 1178221820926545.
EPub date: 2020-06-03 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 32547048
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A Practice Theory Approach to Understanding Poly-Tobacco Use in the United States.
Authors: McQuoid J. , Keamy-Minor E. , Ling P. .
Source: Critical Public Health, 2020; 30(2), p. 204-219.
EPub date: 2018-11-01 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 32982073
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Financial Conflicts of Interest and Stance on Tobacco Harm Reduction: A Systematic Review.
Authors: Hendlin Y.H. , Vora M. , Elias J. , Ling P.M. .
Source: American Journal Of Public Health, 2019 Jul; 109(7), p. e1-e8.
EPub date: 2019-05-16 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 31095414
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Young adult perceptions of JUUL and other pod electronic cigarette devices in California: a qualitative study.
Authors: Keamy-Minor E. , McQuoid J. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Bmj Open, 2019-04-04 00:00:00.0; 9(4), p. e026306.
EPub date: 2019-04-04 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 30948599
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Tobacco company strategies to identify and promote the benefits of nicotine.
Authors: Ling P.M. , Glantz S.A. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2018-08-09 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2018-08-09 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 30093414
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Public versus internal conceptions of addiction: An analysis of internal Philip Morris documents.
Authors: Elias J. , Hendlin Y.H. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Plos Medicine, 2018 May; 15(5), p. e1002562.
EPub date: 2018-05-01 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 29715300
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Effects of e-Cigarette Advertisements on Adolescents' Perceptions of Cigarettes.
Authors: Kim M. , Popova L. , Halpern-Felsher B. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Health Communication, 2017-12-13 00:00:00.0; , p. 1-8.
EPub date: 2017-12-13 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 29236550
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The Pharmaceuticalization of the Tobacco Industry.
Authors: Hendlin Y.H. , Elias J. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Annals Of Internal Medicine, 2017-07-18 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2017-07-18 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 28715843
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Don't throw smokeless tobacco users under the bus.
Authors: Elias J. , Hendlin Y. , Chaffee B.W. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Addictive Behaviors, 2017-04-10 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2017-04-10 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 28410775
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Do Emotions Spark Interest In Alternative Tobacco Products?
Authors: Popova L. , So J. , Sangalang A. , Neilands T.B. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Health Education & Behavior : The Official Publication Of The Society For Public Health Education, 2017-01-01 00:00:00.0; , p. 1090198116683169.
PMID: 28071144
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Beyond the brotherhood: Skoal Bandits' role in the evolution of marketing moist smokeless tobacco pouches.
Authors: Hendlin Y.H. , Veffer J.R. , Lewis M.J. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Tobacco Induced Diseases, 2017; 15, p. 46.
EPub date: 2017-12-19 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 29270101
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Testing antismoking messages for Air Force trainees.
Authors: Popova L. , Linde B.D. , Bursac Z. , Talcott G.W. , Modayil M.V. , Little M.A. , Ling P.M. , Glantz S.A. , Klesges R.C. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2016 Nov; 25(6), p. 656-663.
PMID: 26482786
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Tobacco Industry Use Of Flavourings To Promote Smokeless Tobacco Products
Authors: Kostygina G. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2016 Nov; 25(Suppl 2), p. ii40-ii49.
PMID: 27856998
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"Gone are the days of mass-media marketing plans and short term customer relationships": tobacco industry direct mail and database marketing strategies.
Authors: Lewis M.J. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2016 Jul; 25(4), p. 430-6.
PMID: 26243810
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A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents' Optimistic Bias about Risks and Benefits of Cigarette Smoking.
Authors: Popova L. , Halpern-Felsher B.L. .
Source: American Journal Of Health Behavior, 2016 May; 40(3), p. 341-51.
PMID: 27103413
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New Product Marketing Blurs The Line Between Nicotine Replacement Therapy And Smokeless Tobacco Products
Authors: Kostygina G. , England L. , Ling P. .
Source: American Journal Of Public Health, 2016-04-14 00:00:00.0; , p. e1-e4.
PMID: 27077338
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The importance of product definitions in US e-cigarette laws and regulations.
Authors: Lempert L.K. , Grana R. , Glantz S.A. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2016 Apr; 25(e1), p. e44-51.
PMID: 25512432
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Tobacco Industry Use Of Flavours To Recruit New Users Of Little Cigars And Cigarillos
Authors: Kostygina G. , Glantz S.A. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2016 Jan; 25(1), p. 66-74.
PMID: 25354674
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Exploring Smoking Stigma, Alternative Tobacco Product Use, & Quit Attempts.
Authors: Brown-Johnson C.G. , Popova L. .
Source: Health Behavior And Policy Review, 2016-01-01 00:00:00.0; 3(1), p. 13-20.
PMID: 27088103
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Dual Use Of Smokeless Tobacco Or E-cigarettes With Cigarettes And Cessation
Authors: Kalkhoran S. , Grana R.A. , Neilands T.B. , Ling P.M. .
Source: American Journal Of Health Behavior, 2015 Mar; 39(2), p. 277-84.
PMID: 25564840
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Dual tobacco user subtypes in the U.S. Air Force: dependence, attitudes, and other correlates of use.
Authors: Kram Y. , Klesges R.C. , Ebbert J.O. , Talcott W. , Neilands T.B. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2014 Sep; 16(9), p. 1216-23.
PMID: 24721813
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Testing Messages To Reduce Smokers' Openness To Using Novel Smokeless Tobacco Products
Authors: Popova L. , Neilands T.B. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2014 Jul; 23(4), p. 313-21.
PMID: 23467655
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Electronic cigarettes. Cardiology patient page.
Authors: Grana R.A. , Ling P.M. , Benowitz N. , Glantz S. .
Source: Circulation, 2014-05-13 00:00:00.0; 129(19), p. e490-2.
PMID: 24821830
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A Longitudinal Analysis Of Electronic Cigarette Use And Smoking Cessation
Authors: Grana R.A. , Popova L. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Jama Internal Medicine, 2014 May; 174(5), p. 812-3.
PMID: 24664434
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A Qualitative Study Of Smokers' Responses To Messages Discouraging Dual Tobacco Product Use
Authors: Popova L. , Kostygina G. , Sheon N.M. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Health Education Research, 2014 Apr; 29(2), p. 206-21.
PMID: 24441592
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"smoking Revolution": A Content Analysis Of Electronic Cigarette Retail Websites
Authors: Grana R.A. , Ling P.M. .
Source: American Journal Of Preventive Medicine, 2014 Apr; 46(4), p. 395-403.
PMID: 24650842
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Examining market trends in the United States smokeless tobacco use: 2005-2011.
Authors: Delnevo C.D. , Wackowski O.A. , Giovenco D.P. , Manderski M.T. , Hrywna M. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2014 Mar; 23(2), p. 107-12.
PMID: 23117999
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Scaring The Snus Out Of Smokers: Testing Effects Of Fear, Threat, And Efficacy On Smokers' Acceptance Of Novel Smokeless Tobacco Products
Authors: Popova L. .
Source: Health Communication, 2014; 29(9), p. 924-36.
PMID: 24359298
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Nonsmokers' Responses To New Warning Labels On Smokeless Tobacco And Electronic Cigarettes: An Experimental Study
Authors: Popova L. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Bmc Public Health, 2014; 14, p. 997.
PMID: 25253295
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Perceptions Of Relative Risk Of Snus And Cigarettes Among Us Smokers
Authors: Popova L. , Ling P.M. .
Source: American Journal Of Public Health, 2013 Nov; 103(11), p. e21-3.
PMID: 24028247
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A Content Analysis Of Smokeless Tobacco Coverage In U.s. Newspapers And News Wires
Authors: Wackowski O.A. , Lewis M.J. , Delnevo C.D. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2013 Jul; 15(7), p. 1289-96.
PMID: 23288875
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Alternative Tobacco Product Use And Smoking Cessation: A National Study
Authors: Popova L. , Ling P.M. .
Source: American Journal Of Public Health, 2013 May; 103(5), p. 923-30.
PMID: 23488521
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Is Snus The Same As Dip? Smokers' Perceptions Of New Smokeless Tobacco Advertising
Authors: Bahreinifar S. , Sheon N.M. , Ling P.M. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2013 Mar; 22(2), p. 84-90.
PMID: 21972063
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