Grant Number:	5R01CA229617-06 Interpret this number
Primary Investigator:	Leventhal, Adam
Organization:	University Of Southern California
Project Title:	Vaping Nicotine and Cannabis Across Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Fiscal Year:	2024

! PROJECT SUMMARY In 2015, evidence that e-cigarette use (“vaping”) in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) had increased and was associated with increased risk of cigarette smoking initiation generated concern in the public health community. Subsequent research has left the field with several critical questions, including: (1) whether vaping truly has a causal effect on smoking or merely reflects a common liability toward deviancy among ‘high-risk’ AYAs with emotional or behavioral problems, (2) whether an emerging wave of new vaping products, including new nicotine products such as JUUL, and an increasingly diverse class of products dedicated to vaping cannabis plant, oils, and waxes, may increase the appeal and addictive potential of vaping, and (3) whether there exist particular characteristics of vaping products and biopsychosocial mechanisms that underlie the risk of AYA vaping initiation, progression, and transition to other forms of drug use that could be targeted in prevention efforts. The uncertainties regarding the impact of AYA vaping have left policy officials with little evidence to determine if AYA vaping should be prioritized in public health programs, and if so, the most effective strategies for prevention. To address the evidence needs and provide a flexible framework for future study of the impact of various vaping products on the AYA tobacco product and cannabis use burden, we will test a novel ‘catalyst model’ of AYA vaping. The catalyst model proposes two steps, which we will evaluate in Aims 1 and 2 of this proposal. Step 1 (AIM 1). To determine whether (a) AYAs with fewer emotional-behavioral risk factors who have been previously deterred from drug use in traditional (non-vaporized) forms are at risk of vaping initiation, (b) the unique qualities and product features of vaping (e.g., concealability, flavors, appealing technology, social acceptability, low perceived harm) increase risk of AYA vaping, and (c) features of vaping products disproportionately increase the risk of vaping initiation for low-risk AYAs. Step 2 (AIM 2). To determine whether (a) vaping increases the risk of cross-product transitions involving initiation of other vaping products, or combustible nicotine or cannabis, as well as increases risk of progression to problematic drug use outcomes, including dependence, poly-drug use, and chronic drug use through early adulthood, (b) rewarding effects from exposure to nicotine, cannabinoids, and other product components (e.g. flavorings) increases risk of cross-product transitions and problematic drug use outcomes, and (c) product characteristics modify this association. To test the model, we will leverage data collected from participants from age 14-19 (2013-2018) from our existing cohort and follow participants into early adulthood (20-23, from 2019-2023; N~2000). We will also recruit a new cohort of 9th grade students at age 14 (N=2500) at the same schools as part of a cohort-sequential design that will apply causal inference analytic approaches to determine whether observed associations are likely causal. Collectively, this project will provide critical information regarding the priority and potential targets of public health efforts aimed at reducing the potential adverse public health effects resulting from AYA vaping, including tobacco-related cancer.




Racial/Ethnic Differences in Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health.
Authors: Canady M.T. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Harlow A.F. .
Source: American Journal Of Preventive Medicine, 2024 Sep; 67(3), p. 397-406.
EPub date: 2024-04-30 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 38697322
Related Citations

Association between cannabis use and nicotine use persistence among adolescents.
Authors: Han D.H. , Harlow A.F. , Bae D. , Cho J. , Eckel S.P. , McConnell R. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Audrain-McGovern J.E. , Leventhal A.M. .
Source: Addictive Behaviors, 2024-07-19 00:00:00.0; 158, p. 108106.
EPub date: 2024-07-19 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 39032200
Related Citations

Vaping Transitions and Incident Depressive Symptoms among Young Adults: A Marginal Structural Model Analysis.
Authors: Harlow A.F. , Stokes A.C. , Han D.H. , Leventhal A.M. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. .
Source: American Journal Of Epidemiology, 2024-07-16 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2024-07-16 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 39013790
Related Citations

Race/ethnic differences in the association of anxiety, depression, and discrimination with subsequent nicotine and cannabis use among young adults: A prospective longitudinal study.
Authors: Jacobs W. , Qin W. , Riley T.N. , Parker E.S. , Owora A.H. , Leventhal A. .
Source: Addictive Behaviors, 2024 Jun; 153, p. 107979.
EPub date: 2024-02-03 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 38394958
Related Citations

Importance of Various E-Cigarette Device and E-Liquid Characteristics by Smoking Status among Young Adults Who Vape.
Authors: Whaley R.C. , Harlow A.F. , Krueger E.A. , Stone M.D. , Dimofte C.V. , Strong D.R. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. .
Source: Substance Use & Misuse, 2024-05-30 00:00:00.0; , p. 1-8.
EPub date: 2024-05-30 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 38816913
Related Citations

Longitudinal Transitions Between Use of Combustible, Noncombustible, and Multiple Cannabis Products From Adolescence to Young Adulthood and Intersections With Nicotine Use.
Authors: Han D.H. , Cho J. , Vogel E.A. , Harlow A.F. , Tackett A.P. , Eckel S.P. , McConnell R. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Leventhal A.M. .
Source: American Journal Of Epidemiology, 2024-04-08 00:00:00.0; 193(4), p. 617-625.
PMID: 37981712
Related Citations

Disposable E-Cigarette Use and Subsequent Use Patterns in Adolescents and Young Adults.
Authors: Han D.H. , Harlow A.F. , Feldstein Ewing S.W. , Audrain-McGovern J.E. , Unger J.B. , Sussman S.Y. , McConnell R. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Leventhal A.M. .
Source: Pediatrics, 2024-04-01 00:00:00.0; 153(4), .
PMID: 38463010
Related Citations

Young Adults' Exposure to and Engagement With Tobacco-Related Social Media Content and Subsequent Tobacco Use.
Authors: Vogel E.A. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Vassey J. , Soto D. , Unger J.B. .
Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2024-02-15 00:00:00.0; 26(Supplement_1), p. S3-S12.
PMID: 38366337
Related Citations

Psychedelic Microdosing among Young Adults from Southern California.
Authors: Harlow A.F. , Hendricks P.S. , Leventhal A.M. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. .
Source: Journal Of Psychoactive Drugs, 2024-02-10 00:00:00.0; , p. 1-12.
EPub date: 2024-02-10 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 38341607
Related Citations

Effects of a nicotine warning label and vaping cessation resources on young adults' perceptions of pro-vaping instagram influencer posts.
Authors: Vogel E.A. , Unger J.B. , Vassey J. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. .
Source: Addictive Behaviors, 2024 Feb; 149, p. 107888.
EPub date: 2023-10-11 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 37857044
Related Citations

Distress about social problems and tobacco and cannabis use outcomes among young adults in Los Angeles County.
Authors: Mattingly D.T. , Mezuk B. , Elliott M.R. , Neighbors H.W. , Leventhal A.M. , Fleischer N.L. .
Source: Preventive Medicine, 2024 Feb; 179, p. 107850.
EPub date: 2024-01-08 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 38199591
Related Citations

Sexual and Gender Identity Disparities in Nicotine and Tobacco Use Susceptibility and Prevalence: Disaggregating Emerging Identities Among Adolescents From California, USA.
Authors: Harlow A.F. , Liu F. , Young L.E. , Coreas S.I. , Rahman T. , Unger J.B. , Leventhal A.M. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Krueger E.A. .
Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2024-01-22 00:00:00.0; 26(2), p. 203-211.
PMID: 37493636
Related Citations

Alcohol Use and Life Stressors During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adults.
Authors: Cho J. , Sussman S. , Kechter A. , Vogel E.A. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Unger J.B. , Leventhal A.M. .
Source: Journal Of Substance Use, 2024; 29(4), p. 554-561.
EPub date: 2023-02-26 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 39055691
Related Citations

Association of over the counter "hangover remedy" use with alcohol use problems and consumption patterns among young adults.
Authors: Han D.H. , Davis J.P. , Davies D.L. , Clapp J.D. , Pedersen E.R. , Leventhal A.M. .
Source: Alcohol And Alcoholism (oxford, Oxfordshire), 2023-11-28 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2023-11-28 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 38016799
Related Citations

Concern for Police Brutality, Societal Discrimination, and School Shootings and Subsequent Cigarette and Cannabis Use in Los Angeles County Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Youth: a Longitudinal Study.
Authors: Hacker K.J. , Chen-Sankey J. , Leventhal A.M. , Choi K. .
Source: Journal Of Racial And Ethnic Health Disparities, 2023-09-19 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2023-09-19 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 37725252
Related Citations

The interaction of e-cigarette use and mental health symptoms on risk of cigarette smoking initiation among young adults in the United States.
Authors: Harlow A.F. , Han D.H. , Eckel S.P. , McConnell R. , Leventhal A.M. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. .
Source: Addiction (abingdon, England), 2023-08-24 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2023-08-24 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 37620973
Related Citations

Association of self-reported use of cannabis for the purpose of improving physical, mental, and sleep health with problematic cannabis use risk.
Authors: Jacobs W. , Merianos A.L. , Quinn P. , Barrington-Trimis J. , Leventhal A. .
Source: Bmc Public Health, 2023-08-16 00:00:00.0; 23(1), p. 1560.
EPub date: 2023-08-16 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 37587415
Related Citations

Human Capital Development Factors and Black Adolescent Tobacco and Cannabis Use.
Authors: Jacobs W. , Lu W. , McDonald A. , Yang J.S. .
Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2023-07-14 00:00:00.0; 25(8), p. 1447-1454.
PMID: 37075137
Related Citations

E-cigarette weight and appetite control beliefs and e-cigarette initiation in young adults.
Authors: Kechter A. , Wong M. , Mason T.B. , Tackett A.P. , Smith C.E. , Leventhal A.M. , Dunton G.F. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. .
Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal Of The Division Of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 2023-06-22 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2023-06-22 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 37347927
Related Citations

Differentiating Reasons for Young Adult E-cigarette Use Using Maximum Difference Choice Models.
Authors: Stone M.D. , Braymiller J.L. , Strong D.R. , Cwalina S.N. , Dimofte C.V. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. .
Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2023-05-22 00:00:00.0; 25(6), p. 1116-1124.
PMID: 36719042
Related Citations

Differentiating Reasons for Young Adult E-cigarette Use Using Maximum Difference Choice Models.
Authors: Stone M.D. , Braymiller J.L. , Strong D.R. , Cwalina S.N. , Dimofte C.V. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. .
Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2023-05-22 00:00:00.0; 25(6), p. 1116-1124.
PMID: 36719042
Related Citations

Effects of dual use of e-cigarette and cannabis during adolescence on cigarette use in young adulthood.
Authors: Islam T. , Eckel S. , Liu F. , Barrington-Trimis J. , Harlow A.F. , Benowitz N. , Leventhal A. , McConnell R. , Cho J. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2023-05-05 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2023-05-05 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 37147126
Related Citations

Unclear Labeling of Nicotine Products Poses Risks to Consumers.
Authors: Vogel E.A. , Tackett A.P. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. .
Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2023-04-06 00:00:00.0; 25(5), p. 1057-1059.
PMID: 36511189
Related Citations

Young adults' beliefs about modern oral nicotine products: Implications for uptake in nonvapers, dual use with e-cigarettes, and use to reduce/quit vaping.
Authors: Han D.H. , Cho J. , Harlow A.F. , Tackett A.P. , Vogel E.A. , Wong M. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Lerman C. , Unger J.B. , Leventhal A.M. .
Source: Experimental And Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2023 Apr; 31(2), p. 455-463.
EPub date: 2022-09-01 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 36048111
Related Citations

Re: Impact of the "e-cigarette era" on cigarette smoking among youth: A population-level study.
Authors: Harrell M.B. , Mantey D.S. , Chen B. , Kelder S.H. , Barrington-Trimis J. .
Source: Preventive Medicine, 2023 Apr; 169, p. 107447.
EPub date: 2023-03-02 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 36870807
Related Citations

Associations of alternative cannabis product use and poly-use with subsequent illicit drug use initiation during adolescence.
Authors: Braymiller J.L. , Riehm K.E. , Meier M. , Krueger E.A. , Unger J.B. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Cho J. , Lanza H.I. , Madden D.R. , Kechter A. , et al. .
Source: Psychopharmacology, 2023-03-03 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2023-03-03 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 36864260
Related Citations

Adolescent and Young Adult Response to Hypothetical E-Liquid Flavor Restrictions.
Authors: Sidhu N.K. , Lechner W.V. , Cwalina S.N. , Whitted L. , Smiley S.L. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Cho J. , Wagener T.L. , Leventhal A.M. , Tackett A.P. .
Source: Journal Of Studies On Alcohol And Drugs, 2023 Mar; 84(2), p. 303-308.
EPub date: 2022-11-07 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 36971721
Related Citations

Racial, Ethnic, and Education Differences in Age of Smoking Initiation Among Young Adults in the United States, 2002 to 2019.
Authors: Harlow A.F. , McConnell R. , Leventhal A.M. , Goodwin R.D. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. .
Source: Jama Network Open, 2023-03-01 00:00:00.0; 6(3), p. e235742.
EPub date: 2023-03-01 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 36995718
Related Citations

The Impact of Childhood Trauma on Problematic Alcohol and Drug Use Trajectories and the Moderating Role of Social Support.
Authors: Rogers C.J. , Forster M. , Sussman S. , Steinberg J. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Grigsby T.J. , Unger J.B. .
Source: International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 2023-02-06 00:00:00.0; 20(4), .
EPub date: 2023-02-06 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 36833526
Related Citations

Underage E-Cigarette Purchasing and Vaping Progression Among Young Adults.
Authors: Harlow A.F. , McConnell R.S. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. .
Source: The Journal Of Adolescent Health : Official Publication Of The Society For Adolescent Medicine, 2023 Feb; 72(2), p. 260-266.
EPub date: 2022-11-18 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 36404243
Related Citations

Willingness to Use Commercial Nicotine Gums, Lozenges, and Gummies Among Nontobacco Using Adolescents in Southern California.
Authors: Tackett A.P. , Wong M. , Cho J. , Harlow A.F. , Vogel E.A. , Han D.H. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , McConnell R. , Budney A.J. , Audrain-McGovern J.E. , et al. .
Source: The Journal Of Adolescent Health : Official Publication Of The Society For Adolescent Medicine, 2023 Feb; 72(2), p. 277-286.
EPub date: 2022-12-02 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 36470691
Related Citations

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Nicotine Use: What Have We Learned?
Authors: Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Klemperer E.M. , Majmundar A. , Harrell M. .
Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2023-01-05 00:00:00.0; 25(2), p. 175-176.
PMID: 36478086
Related Citations

Dose-response effects of two nicotine salt formulations on electronic cigarette appeal and sensory attributes.
Authors: Han D.H. , Wong M. , Peraza N. , Vogel E.A. , Cahn R. , Mason T.B. , Kirkpatrick M. , Tackett A.P. , Leventhal A.M. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2023-01-02 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2023-01-02 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 36593119
Related Citations

E-cigarette Device Type, Source, and Use Behaviors of Youth and Young Adults: Findings from the Truth Longitudinal Cohort (2020-2021).
Authors: Do E.K. , Aarvig K. , Donovan E.M. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Vallone D.M. , Hair E.C. .
Source: Substance Use & Misuse, 2023; 58(6), p. 796-803.
EPub date: 2023-03-16 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 36924188
Related Citations

Prevalence of and disparities in adolescents' susceptibility to novel oral nicotine products marketed as "tobacco-free".
Authors: Vogel E.A. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Harlow A.F. , Wong M. , Cho J. , Han D.H. , Leventhal A.M. , Tackett A.P. .
Source: Preventive Medicine, 2022-12-09 00:00:00.0; 166, p. 107387.
EPub date: 2022-12-09 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 36503016
Related Citations

Vaping motivations: Association of behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation systems with nicotine and cannabis vaping among adolescents.
Authors: Jacobs W. , Merianos A.L. , Mahabee-Gittens E.M. , Leventhal A. .
Source: Addictive Behaviors, 2022 Dec; 135, p. 107436.
EPub date: 2022-07-26 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 35917635
Related Citations

Changes in sexual identity and substance use during young adulthood.
Authors: Krueger E.A. , Repati M.L. , Harlow A.F. , Unger J.B. , Lee J.O. , Pedersen E.R. , Conn B.M. , Wong C. , Young L.E. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , et al. .
Source: Drug And Alcohol Dependence, 2022-12-01 00:00:00.0; 241, p. 109674.
EPub date: 2022-10-25 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 36332590
Related Citations

Closing the Loophole on Hemp-Derived Cannabis Products: A Public Health Priority.
Authors: Harlow A.F. , Leventhal A.M. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. .
Source: Jama, 2022-11-22 00:00:00.0; 328(20), p. 2007-2008.
PMID: 36331491
Related Citations

Impact of the e-cigarette era on cigarette smoking among youth in the United States: A population-level study.
Authors: Harrell M.B. , Mantey D.S. , Chen B. , Kelder S.H. , Barrington-Trimis J. .
Source: Preventive Medicine, 2022 Nov; 164, p. 107265.
EPub date: 2022-09-22 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 36152819
Related Citations

Modeling the longitudinal transitions of electronic cigarettes and conventional cigarettes with time-dependent covariates among adolescents.
Authors: Yang Z. , Berhane K. , Leventhal A.M. , Liu M. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Thomas D.C. .
Source: Preventive Medicine, 2022 Nov; 164, p. 107294.
EPub date: 2022-10-07 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 36216121
Related Citations

Motivations for E-cigarette use and associations with vaping frequency and smoking abstinence among adults who smoke cigarettes in the United States.
Authors: Harlow A.F. , Cho J. , Tackett A.P. , McConnell R.S. , Leventhal A.M. , Stokes A.C. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. .
Source: Drug And Alcohol Dependence, 2022-09-01 00:00:00.0; 238, p. 109583.
EPub date: 2022-07-22 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 35907310
Related Citations

Adolescent Use of Flavored Non-Tobacco Oral Nicotine Products.
Authors: Harlow A.F. , Vogel E.A. , Tackett A.P. , Cho J. , Han D.H. , Wong M. , Cockburn M.G. , Sussman S.Y. , Unger J.B. , Leventhal A.M. , et al. .
Source: Pediatrics, 2022-09-01 00:00:00.0; 150(3), .
PMID: 35934731
Related Citations

Change in distress about police brutality and substance use among young people, 2017-2020.
Authors: Mattingly D.T. , Howard L.C. , Krueger E.A. , Fleischer N.L. , Hughes-Halbert C. , Leventhal A.M. .
Source: Drug And Alcohol Dependence, 2022-08-01 00:00:00.0; 237, p. 109530.
EPub date: 2022-06-10 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 35716645
Related Citations

Prospective association between e-cigarette use frequency patterns and cigarette smoking abstinence among adult cigarette smokers in the United States.
Authors: Harlow A.F. , Stokes A.C. , Brooks D.R. , Benjamin E.J. , Leventhal A.M. , McConnell R.S. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Ross C.S. .
Source: Addiction (abingdon, England), 2022-08-01 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2022-08-01 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 35913015
Related Citations

'Flavour ban approved': new marketing strategies from tobacco-free nicotine pouch maker Zyn.
Authors: Tackett A.P. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Leventhal A.M. .
Source: Tobacco Control, 2022-04-22 00:00:00.0; , .
EPub date: 2022-04-22 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 35459750
Related Citations

Associations of cannabis product source and subsequent cannabis use among adolescents.
Authors: Kelleghan A.R. , Sofis M.J. , Budney A. , Ceasar R. , Leventhal A.M. .
Source: Drug And Alcohol Dependence, 2022-04-01 00:00:00.0; 233, p. 109374.
EPub date: 2022-02-25 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 35272186
Related Citations

E-cigarette device type and combustible tobacco use: Results from a pooled analysis of 10,482 youth.
Authors: Kong G. , Chaffee B.W. , Wu R. , Krishnan-Sarin S. , Liu F. , Leventhal A.M. , McConnell R. , Barrington-Trimis J. .
Source: Drug And Alcohol Dependence, 2022-03-01 00:00:00.0; 232, p. 109279.
EPub date: 2022-01-11 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 35063841
Related Citations

Differences in Young Adults' Perceptions of and Willingness to Use Nicotine Pouches by Tobacco Use Status.
Authors: Vogel E.A. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , Kechter A. , Tackett A.P. , Liu F. , Sussman S. , Lerman C. , Unger J.B. , Hughes Halbert C. , Chaffee B.W. , et al. .
Source: International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 2022-02-25 00:00:00.0; 19(5), .
EPub date: 2022-02-25 00:00:00.0.
PMID: 35270385
Related Citations

First E-Cigarette Flavor and Device Type Used: Associations With Vaping Persistence, Frequency, and Dependence in Young Adults.
Authors: Sargent J.D. , Stoolmiller M. , Dai H. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , McConnell R. , Audrain-McGovern J. , Leventhal A.M. .
Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2022-02-14 00:00:00.0; 24(3), p. 380-387.
PMID: 34460934
Related Citations

First E-Cigarette Flavor and Device Type Used: Associations With Vaping Persistence, Frequency, and Dependence in Young Adults.
Authors: Sargent J.D. , Stoolmiller M. , Dai H. , Barrington-Trimis J.L. , McConnell R. , Audrain-McGovern J. , Leventhal A.M. .
Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal Of The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco, 2022-02-14 00:00:00.0; 24(3), p. 380-387.
PMID: 34460934
Related Citations